| Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2023 |
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Profit (loss) before tax | 1,445,382 | 1,253,384 |
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Depreciation and amortization | 306,063 | 319,608 |
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Impairment losses (reversal of impairment losses) | 146,343 | 100,890 |
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Increase (decrease) in asset retirement obligations | -26,617 | 9,597 |
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Finance costs (income) | 58,285 | -139,194 |
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Foreign exchange loss (gain) | -45,354 | -12,437 |
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Share of loss (profit) of investments accounted for using equity method | -166,253 | -18,389 |
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Decrease (increase) in inventories | -18,649 | 4,204 |
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Decrease (increase) in trade and other receivables | -52,407 | 75,828 |
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Increase (decrease) in trade and other payables | 32,684 | -28,888 |
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Other | -36,951 | 6,243 |
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Subtotal | 1,642,525 | 1,570,847 |
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Interest received | 49,806 | 107,978 |
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Dividends received | 20,281 | 9,079 |
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Interest paid | -24,768 | -63,059 |
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Income taxes refund (paid) | -905,570 | -836,716 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 782,274 | 788,130 |
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Payments into time deposits | -47,755 | -38,145 |
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Proceeds from withdrawal of time deposits | 43,772 | 26,831 |
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Payments for purchases of exploration and evaluation assets | -18,052 | -47,985 |
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Payments for purchases of development and production assets | -221,530 | -202,665 |
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Payments for purchases of other property, plant and equipment | -4,101 | -1,484 |
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Purchase of investments | -78,118 | -432,325 |
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Proceeds from sale and redemption of investments | 19,830 | 312,727 |
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Purchase of investments accounted for using equity method | -68,380 | -76,549 |
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Proceeds from sale of investments accounted for using equity method | 27,311 | - |
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Payments for acquisition of subsidiaries | -31,410 | - |
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Net decrease (increase) in short-term loans receivable | 399 | -1,999 |
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Long-term loans made | -335,298 | -4,027 |
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Collection of long-term loans receivable | 158,440 | 152,153 |
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Other | 19,769 | -6,645 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | -535,123 | -320,116 |
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Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings | -5,450 | 20,121 |
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Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 164,716 | 102,895 |
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Repayments of long-term borrowings | -215,157 | -403,599 |
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Repayments of lease liabilities | -19,384 | -20,119 |
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Purchase of treasury shares | -121,191 | -99,999 |
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Dividends paid | -80,399 | -90,147 |
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Capital contribution from non-controlling interests | 21,653 | 11,792 |
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Dividends paid to non-controlling interests | -11,140 | -8,294 |
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Other | 19,756 | 80 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | -246,597 | -487,272 |
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Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 553 | -19,258 |
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Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 19,673 | 12,169 |
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Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents resulting from transfer to assets held for sale | -4,243 | - |
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