| Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2023 |
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Profit (loss) before income taxes | 5,440 | 5,402 | 6,440 | 3,753 | 2,231 | 7,343 | 9,926 | 10,094 |
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Depreciation and amortization | 849 | 1,116 | 1,104 | 1,281 | 1,749 | 2,185 | 2,735 | 2,913 |
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Impairment losses | 1,475 | 515 | 146 | 788 | 199 | 22 | 853 | 2,042 |
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Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts | -13 | -70 | 54 | 6 | 211 | -160 | -25 | -22 |
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Interest and dividend income | -61 | -95 | -158 | -242 | -75 | -56 | -447 | -1,993 |
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Interest expenses | 138 | 197 | 160 | 122 | 217 | 373 | 658 | 1,048 |
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Share of loss (profit) of entities accounted for using equity method | - | -28 | 15 | -29 | 3 | 8 | -88 | -51 |
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Foreign exchange losses (gains) | -36 | 424 | 38 | 74 | 11 | -7 | 149 | 122 |
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Decrease (increase) in trade receivables | -859 | -1,432 | -1,041 | -5 | 2,606 | -2,306 | -3,154 | -510 |
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Decrease (increase) in inventories | -1,402 | -2,263 | -2,716 | -1,471 | 3,355 | -6,699 | -3,801 | 1,009 |
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Increase (decrease) in trade payables | 86 | 1,196 | 1,807 | -1,461 | -147 | 3,350 | -2,503 | 1,443 |
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Increase (decrease) in accounts payable - other | 137 | -378 | 436 | -136 | -117 | 674 | 1 | -641 |
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Increase (decrease) in provision for bonuses | -186 | -4 | 21 | 107 | 232 | 476 | -54 | -394 |
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Increase (decrease) in provision for bonuses for directors (and other officers) | - | - | - | 194 | -117 | 60 | -31 | 19 |
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Increase (decrease) in provision for shareholder benefit program | - | - | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 | - |
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Increase (decrease) in provision for share-based payments | - | - | - | - | - | - | 342 | 758 |
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Increase (decrease) in retirement benefit liability | 125 | 102 | 162 | 147 | 168 | -2,227 | -2 | -24 |
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Other, net | 649 | -796 | 233 | -47 | 956 | 1,960 | -1,670 | 1,063 |
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Subtotal | 6,340 | 3,883 | 6,692 | 3,084 | 10,711 | 4,938 | 2,894 | 16,876 |
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Interest and dividends received | 53 | 102 | 168 | 317 | 124 | 41 | 443 | 1,987 |
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Interest paid | -123 | -189 | -170 | -115 | -191 | -360 | -596 | -994 |
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Income taxes paid | -2,459 | -2,489 | -1,288 | -2,668 | -611 | -2,457 | -4,050 | -3,826 |
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Income taxes refund | - | 92 | 184 | 226 | 456 | 10 | 153 | 170 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 3,811 | 1,399 | 5,587 | 843 | 10,490 | 2,172 | -1,155 | 14,213 |
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Purchase of property, plant and equipment | -1,089 | -689 | -127 | -1,455 | -589 | -574 | -387 | -2,311 |
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Purchase of intangible assets | -73 | -171 | -337 | -88 | -473 | -384 | -685 | -943 |
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Purchase of shares of subsidiaries resulting in change in scope of consolidation | -4,373 | - | - | - | -6,262 | -1,169 | -2,038 | -4,625 |
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Payments of guarantee deposits | - | -27 | -728 | -72 | -32 | -85 | -128 | -63 |
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Proceeds from refund of guarantee deposits | - | - | 13 | 261 | 77 | 16 | 47 | 50 |
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Other, net | 45 | 24 | -38 | -70 | -11 | 99 | 108 | -65 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | -6,929 | -1,488 | -1,215 | -1,832 | -9,002 | -304 | -3,084 | -7,958 |
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Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings | 2,390 | 517 | -1,823 | 203 | 490 | 271 | 2,710 | 3,151 |
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Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 9,680 | - | - | 13,000 | 14,106 | 11,262 | 19,381 | 10,919 |
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Repayments of long-term borrowings | -3,079 | -159 | -3,383 | -159 | -1,452 | -628 | -9,582 | -482 |
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Purchase of treasury shares | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Repayments of finance lease liabilities | -63 | -63 | -58 | -208 | -270 | -367 | -630 | -848 |
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Dividends paid | -4 | -4 | -1,577 | -1,363 | -789 | -790 | -2,009 | -2,224 |
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Purchase of shares of subsidiaries not resulting in change in scope of consolidation | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -907 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 8,925 | 8,598 | -6,843 | 11,472 | 12,085 | 9,747 | 9,869 | 9,607 |
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Effect of exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalents | -648 | -249 | -299 | -156 | -1,476 | 3,091 | 4,510 | 2,293 |
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Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 5,160 | 8,259 | -2,770 | 10,327 | 12,096 | 14,706 | 10,139 | 18,155 |
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