| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2023 |
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Loss before tax | 539 | 2,485 | 1,231 |
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Depreciation and amortization | 2,075 | 2,099 | 2,345 |
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Finance income | -27 | -36 | -22 |
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Finance costs | 311 | 345 | 332 |
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Share of loss (profit) of investments accounted for using equity method | -1 | -18 | -1 |
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Impairment losses (reversal of impairment losses) | - | - | 16 |
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Loss on retirement of fixed assets | 3 | 20 | 17 |
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Gain on business transfer | - | -31 | - |
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Decrease (increase) in trade and other receivables | -51 | -57 | -108 |
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Decrease (increase) in inventories | 7 | -30 | -11 |
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Increase (decrease) in trade and other payables | 96 | 170 | 63 |
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Increase (decrease) in contract liabilities | 34 | 64 | -103 |
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Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses | -322 | -31 | -3 |
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Increase (decrease) in deposits received | -367 | -41 | 16 |
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Increase (decrease) in consumption taxes payable | 390 | 41 | -216 |
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Other | 112 | -34 | -89 |
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Subtotal | 2,685 | 4,945 | 3,466 |
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Interest received | 3 | 3 | 2 |
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Interest paid | -320 | -316 | -236 |
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Income taxes refund (paid) | 0 | -12 | -236 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 2,369 | 4,620 | 2,996 |
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Purchase of property, plant and equipment | -205 | -1,352 | -1,945 |
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Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment | - | - | 0 |
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Purchase of intangible assets | -17 | -12 | -29 |
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Collection of loans receivable | 19 | 20 | 20 |
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Payments of leasehold and guarantee deposits | -55 | -50 | -87 |
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Proceeds from refund of leasehold and guarantee deposits | 3 | 28 | 5 |
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Proceeds from sale of businesses | - | 25 | - |
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Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | -254 | -1,340 | -2,035 |
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Net decrease (increase) in restricted cash | -694 | 694 | - |
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Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings | -134 | -500 | 58 |
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Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 1,000 | 700 | 11,947 |
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Repayments of long-term borrowings | -1,448 | -2,687 | -13,129 |
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Repayments of lease liabilities | -934 | -933 | -920 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | -2,209 | -2,726 | -2,044 |
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Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 2 | 2 | -1 |
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Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | -92 | 557 | -1,084 |
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