| Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2023 |
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Profit (loss) before income taxes | 1,112 | 2,401 | 2,713 | 1,775 | 2,402 | 2,661 | 1,118 |
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Depreciation | 113 | 102 | 109 | 131 | 669 | 818 | 841 |
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Amortization of goodwill | - | - | - | 19 | 257 | 309 | 330 |
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Share-based payment expenses | - | - | - | - | 11 | 22 | 11 |
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Impairment losses | 10 | 33 | - | - | 84 | 99 | 120 |
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Loss on valuation of shares of subsidiaries and associates | - | - | - | - | - | 50 | 4 |
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Cancellation penalty fee | - | - | - | - | - | - | 75 |
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Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts | -0 | 2 | 0 | -0 | 7 | 4 | -3 |
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Increase (decrease) in provision for bonuses | -8 | 4 | -1 | -0 | 415 | -130 | -10 |
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Increase (decrease) in provision for test scores warranties | 1 | 2 | -0 | -0 | 2 | -10 | - |
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Increase (decrease) in provision for sales returns | -4 | 1 | -0 | -0 | 2 | -17 | 11 |
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Increase (decrease) in retirement benefit liability | - | - | - | 18 | 11 | 11 | 7 |
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Increase (decrease) in provision for retirement benefits for directors (and other officers) | 2 | 2 | -6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
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Interest income | -0 | -0 | -0 | -0 | - | - | - |
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Interest expenses | - | - | - | - | 10 | 5 | 5 |
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Decrease (increase) in trade receivables | -319 | -247 | -160 | -44 | -276 | -207 | -371 |
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Decrease (increase) in inventories | 12 | -4 | -65 | 27 | -103 | -75 | 69 |
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Decrease (increase) in other assets | -37 | -10 | -75 | -14 | -337 | 89 | -9 |
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Increase (decrease) in trade payables | 64 | 183 | -38 | 14 | 63 | -15 | -32 |
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Increase (decrease) in accounts payable - other | - | - | - | 123 | -358 | -264 | 5 |
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Increase (decrease) in advances received | 223 | 145 | 18 | 154 | 646 | 171 | 122 |
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Increase (decrease) in accrued consumption taxes | - | - | - | - | -14 | -179 | 49 |
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Increase (decrease) in other liabilities | 113 | 447 | -146 | 109 | 148 | 66 | 213 |
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Other, net | 21 | 20 | 27 | 29 | 23 | -26 | 256 |
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Subtotal | 1,365 | 2,939 | 2,426 | 2,425 | 3,634 | 3,384 | 2,817 |
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Interest received | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
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Interest paid | - | - | - | - | -10 | -5 | -5 |
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Income taxes paid | -45 | -439 | -1,137 | -986 | -976 | -1,175 | -1,135 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 1,341 | 2,500 | 1,289 | 1,459 | 2,648 | 2,203 | 1,676 |
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Purchase of property, plant and equipment | -207 | -84 | -160 | -344 | -276 | -669 | -751 |
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Purchase of intangible assets | - | - | - | - | -156 | -69 | -125 |
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Payments for acquisition of businesses | - | - | - | - | - | -497 | - |
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Payments of leasehold and guarantee deposits | -88 | -37 | -94 | -45 | -167 | -166 | -482 |
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Proceeds from refund of leasehold and guarantee deposits | - | - | - | 38 | 5 | 17 | 4 |
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Other, net | -25 | -26 | -5 | -6 | -2 | - | - |
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Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | -320 | -146 | -696 | -373 | -1,859 | -1,384 | -1,354 |
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Proceeds from short-term borrowings | - | - | - | - | 2,000 | - | 1,264 |
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Repayments of short-term borrowings | - | - | - | - | -2,000 | - | -509 |
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Repayments of long-term borrowings | - | - | - | - | -3,242 | -363 | -363 |
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Proceeds from issuance of shares | - | 2,783 | - | 17 | 15 | 1 | 13 |
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Purchase of treasury shares | - | - | - | -216 | -170 | - | - |
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Proceeds from sale of treasury shares | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Dividends paid | -47 | -495 | -598 | -529 | -531 | -685 | -654 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | -47 | 2,264 | -599 | -688 | -1,932 | -1,047 | -249 |
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Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 973 | 4,618 | -6 | 398 | -1,144 | -227 | 71 |
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