| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2023 |
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Profit (loss) before tax | 3,804 | 6,653 | 4,353 |
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Depreciation and amortization | 633 | 1,973 | 2,433 |
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Interest and dividend income | -0 | -1 | -6 |
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Interest expenses | - | 190 | 232 |
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Foreign exchange loss (gain) | -160 | -172 | -272 |
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Share of loss (profit) of investments accounted for using equity method | 572 | 203 | 358 |
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Decrease (increase) in trade and other receivables | 6,583 | -11,287 | 11,618 |
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Decrease (increase) in inventories | -339 | -656 | 275 |
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Increase (decrease) in trade and other payables | -1,621 | 1,454 | -1,102 |
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Increase or decrease in retirement benefit asset or liability | - | 104 | 22 |
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Other | -434 | 1,992 | -1,647 |
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Subtotal | 9,038 | 454 | 16,263 |
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Interest and dividends received | 0 | 1 | 6 |
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Interest paid | - | -149 | -182 |
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Income taxes paid | -2,384 | -441 | -3,667 |
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Income taxes refund | 0 | 52 | - |
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Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 6,655 | -83 | 12,421 |
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Proceeds from sale of investment securities | - | - | 2,865 |
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Purchase of investment securities | - | - | -200 |
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Payments for acquisition of subsidiaries | - | -23,460 | - |
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Collection of loans receivable | 6 | 69 | 6 |
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Purchase of property, plant and equipment | -1,186 | -3,721 | -1,213 |
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Purchase of intangible assets | -29 | -255 | -156 |
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Other | 0 | -11 | 1 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | -2,283 | -27,377 | 1,303 |
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Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings | - | 500 | -500 |
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Proceeds from long-term borrowings | - | 22,400 | 4,000 |
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Repayments of long-term borrowings | - | -1,680 | -2,340 |
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Payments of borrowing fee | - | -213 | -38 |
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Repayments of lease liabilities | - | -218 | -343 |
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Purchase of treasury shares | -0 | -0 | -515 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 66 | 20,789 | 264 |
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Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 160 | 172 | 272 |
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Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 4,597 | -6,499 | 14,260 |
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