| Oct 31, 2021 | Oct 31, 2022 | Oct 31, 2023 |
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Profit (loss) before tax | -1,543 | 490 | 1,585 |
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Depreciation and amortization | 3,627 | 4,685 | 5,257 |
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Impairment losses (reversal of impairment losses) | 674 | 33 | 9 |
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Loss on sale and retirement of fixed assets | 1 | 14 | 9 |
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Decrease (increase) in inventories | -1,308 | -4,484 | -2,127 |
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Increase (decrease) in deposits received | 328 | 155 | 382 |
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Finance income | - | -4 | -11 |
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Finance costs | 430 | 542 | 637 |
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Decrease (increase) in trade and other receivables | -78 | -206 | -208 |
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Increase (decrease) in trade and other payables | 314 | 455 | 1,376 |
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Other | 1,421 | 580 | 833 |
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Subtotal | 3,865 | 2,247 | 7,746 |
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Interest and dividends received | 4 | 20 | 5 |
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Interest paid | -207 | -288 | -308 |
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Income taxes refund (paid) | -1,077 | 257 | -644 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 2,585 | 2,238 | 6,798 |
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Purchase of property, plant and equipment | -227 | -259 | -322 |
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Purchase of intangible assets | -987 | -852 | -1,335 |
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Payments of leasehold and guarantee deposits | -124 | -38 | -291 |
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Proceeds from sale of investment securities | - | 1 | 119 |
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Payments for business combination | -492 | -1,212 | -449 |
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Other | 23 | -282 | 226 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | -1,869 | -3,012 | -2,052 |
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Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings | -1,220 | 4,213 | 3,041 |
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Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 2,180 | 609 | 4,197 |
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Repayments of long-term borrowings | -1,907 | -1,625 | -1,296 |
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Redemption of bonds | -45 | -2,050 | -50 |
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Repayments of lease liabilities | -3,134 | -4,226 | -4,882 |
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Payments for acquisition of interests in subsidiaries from non-controlling interests | - | - | -133 |
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Other | 48 | 392 | -67 |
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Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 8,239 | -2,686 | 808 |
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Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | - | 28 | 55 |
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Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 8,956 | -3,432 | 5,610 |
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